Reagan Essay examples - 795 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ronald Reagan, the fortieth president of the United States of America, was arguably the best president the United States has ever had. Raised in rural Illinois, Reagan grew up as country boy, and kept his ideals and faith through his presidency. Reagan never faltered when he dealt with communism, dealt with a slipping economy, or in any other foreign affairs. His strong convictions led him to being one of the greatest presidents in the history of the United States. (Thomas, 22) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Before he was officially in politics, President Reagan was still very involved in the political process. Reagan started his life as a Democrat. Reagan’s father, a staunch Democrat, influenced Reagan†¦show more content†¦This is the issue of this election: Whether we believe in our capacity for self-government or whether we abandon the American Revolution and confess that a little intellectual elite in a far-distant capital can plan our lives for us better than we can plan them ourselves. (Reagan, 3) This became one of the staples of President Reagan’s policies. After this monumental speech, Reagan was approached by businessmen and asked to run for governor of California, to which he obliged. In 1966, Reagan ran against the incumbent governor, Edmund G. Brown, and won by a landslide. Reagan won by over a million votes. (Reagan, 1) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Then governor Reagan showed he was a very competent governor. By showing his economic knowledge, Reagan left office with a five hundred fifty million-dollar surplus. In May of 1969, Reagan called in the National Guard to suppress violence in Berkeley. This was not surprising due to the fact that Reagan was known for his policy against student uprisings. Reagan felt these uprisings were due to the antagonism of outside groups. Further investigations pointed out that Communist organizations were influencing the college students. In 1971, Reagan signed the California Welfare Reform act, which reformed California’s welfare system into a more effective system. (Reagan Library) Reagan attempted to run for president a few times before finally receivingShow MoreRelatedThe Reagan Doctrine Of President Reagan1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe Reagan Doctrine The term â€Å"doctrine† definition is â€Å"A statement of authorized government policy, especially in overseas concerns and military strategy† (â€Å"Doctrine†, n.d.). The expression Presidential doctrine means an ideological platform that a president uses to spread a policy towards a country or region in order to accomplish foreign policy objectives for the United States. Presidents like James Monroe, Harry S. Truman, and Richard Nixon etc. articulated their policies but amongst these executiveRead MoreRonald Reagan And President Reagan Essay1884 Words   |  8 Pagesgreatness, it is Ronald Reagan. And if there is a context in which to view the Presidency of Ronald Wilson Reagan, it is in the context of economics. In two scholarly biographies of our 40th president, The Reagan Effect by John W. Sloan, professor of political science at The University of Houston, and The Reagan Years written by several scholars and edited by Joseph Hogan, professor and head of the Department of Management at Birmingham Polytechnic Business School, Reagan and his presidency areRead MoreRonald Reagan1089 Words   |  5 PagesRonald Reagan and the Triumph of American Conservatism by Jules Tygiel is a book based on the details of Ronald Wilson Reagan, who was born on February 6th, 1911 and passed away on June 5th, 2004. Early on you’ll learn the basics of his start in life and childhood history, but you’ll quickly be emerged into his life as most of America knows him for. He wasn’t just President of the United States. He was first a son, brother, friend, husband, actor, employee and Governor of California. The first chapterRead MorePresident Ronald Reagan And President Reagan1351 Words   |  6 Pagesto hand it to President Ronald Wilson Reagan, because the time he was in office he really pumped the country up, and did a tremendous job running it as well as helping in every way he could. Ronald Reagan was born on February 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois. Reagan passed away June 5, 2004, and was buried in Simi Valley, California. He graduated from Eureka College in 1932 with a â€Å"Bachelor s of Arts degree in social science and economics.†Before Mr. Reagan was president he was also an actor, andRead MoreRonald Reagan1367 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan was born on February 6, 1911 in Tampico, Illinois (Huckshorn 1). He was born in a small apartment above the Pitney General Store (Life Before 1). John Edward Reagan (his father) was a shoe salesman that was an alcoholic. The first time he saw his son he said, For such a little bit of a fat Dutchman, he makes a hell of a lot of noise, doesn t he (Life Before 1). This led to his nickname, Dutch. Reagan s father barely had a grade-school education, butRead MoreTax and Reagan1575 Words   |  7 Pageslife in the 80’s. In the 1980 bid for President, Reagan won the Republican nomination after two failed attempts in 1968 and 1976. Although Ronald Reagan once held Democratic views, he grew more conservative and he official took the side of the Republicans in the 1960’s. Reagans domestic views were the change Americans were looking for and Reagan, along with his running mate George H.W Bush, won the 1980 election. In his 1981 inauguration, Reagans famous words about the economy were, â€Å"In this presentRead MoreRonald Reagan1956 Words   |  8 PagesReckoning with Reagan: America and its President in the 1980s Michael Schaller Oxford University Press: New York, 1992 Ronald Reagan was more than a president. He was a phenomenon. Since he left office in 1989, many authors have tried to effectively identify who this man really was. He was an icon to some, and an enigma to others. He stood up to the worst economic, domestic, and international threats of the time and yet, took naps in the middle of cabinet meetings. At the height of his popularityRead MoreReagan Revolution963 Words   |  4 PagesLecture Outline May 20, 2013 The Reagan Revolution amp; Cold War in the 1980s I. Reagan Revolution and the Rise of the New Right The new grassroots conservative movement. it focused on a few themes: 1) focus on physical restraint: reigning in spending of the economy, the great society programs 2) Tax code revision 3) government efficiency: sense of urgency for this, because of how transparent the government, and what it owed to the u.s. public. a. Reagan’s views andRead MoreNancy Reagan1195 Words   |  5 PagesNancy Reagan made an impact on our society, so large that the impact is still lasting today. She is a very special person because of her determination not to give up however hard life may get. She is an example of a hard worker and a very caring person. Nancy was born July 6, 1921. Born as Anne Frances â€Å"Nancy† Robbins Davis Reagan, at Sloane Hospital Flushing Queens, New York. Nancy was born to Kenneth Seymour Robbins and Edith P. Luckett. Her parents got divorced shortly after marriage. HerRead MoreRonald Reagan1535 Words   |  7 PagesRonald Wilson Reagan, born February 6, 1911, served the United States as the 40th president from 1981 to 1989. Reagan was the first and only movie actor elected to office. During his two-terms in office, Reagan had many accomplishments; cutting taxes, strengthened and increased national defense spending, and through foreign policy pursued â€Å"peace through strength.† (Freidel Sidey, 2006). The primary strength Reagan possessed in office was his oratory skills, in which he was dubbed â€Å"The Great

Uniform Civil Code in India Free Essays

Should India have a Uniform Civil Code? This is a question that causes agitation and furious debate everytime it is raised. It is a debate that has been raging for years now. Even the makers of our Constitution thought about it when they wrote it because the Article 44 our Constitution clearly states that :’ The state shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory of India’. We will write a custom essay sample on Uniform Civil Code in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now The article is part of the Directive Principles of State Policy and are not binding on the Government.But let’s not get ahead of ourselves. First we shall define what is a Civil Code. A Civil Code is a systematic compilation of laws designed to comprehensively deal with the core ideas of private law . A typical Civil Code deals with the common fields of law like the law of contracts, torts, property law, family law and law of evidence. Whereas commercial law, corporate law and Civil procedure is usually codified separately. Issues India is an amalgam of many societies. A majority of the people are Hindus whereas the Muslims form a considerable minority.Other than these, there are sikhs, jews, parsees, jains, buddhists etc. All religions have their own laws. We have 1) the Hindu law (which covers sikhs, jains and buddhists) 2) Muslim Personal Law 3) Christian Personal Law 4) Parsee Civil law. This itself is a blatant violation of the Article 15 of the Constitution which says that ‘The state shall not discrimate against any citizen on the grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. A Uniform Civil Code will administer the same set of secualr Civil laws for all the religions existing in the state.The Uniform Civil Code will override the people’s right to be governed under their own Personal Law based on their religion or ethnicity. Those for a Uniform Civil Code cite national integration as a reason, those against it say it will be a tool to annihilate minority identity. Personal laws for all religions are inherently unequal. For eg a divorcee in Muslim law is entitled to different things than in the Hindu law. Furthermore, the Article 14 of the Indian Constitution requires non-discrimination based on ‘sex’, whereas MuslimPersonal Law favors the man in many cases, especially in the issue of divorce and polygamy. Equality before the law would mean that Muslim women could take up to 4 husbands. These issues remain unresolved in the Constitution. Muslim Personal Law are challenged under the Constitution. The question is whether the government has any right to override the Personal Laws. The Shariat Act of 1937 hadn’t made any reference to the government’s power to interfere with it. However, one may assume that as the government passed the law, therefore it has the right to amend it. The government of india act, 1935 had ‘already empowered the legislature to make laws on subjects regulated by Personal Laws. ‘ In the celebrated case Mohd. Ahmed Khan v Shah Bano Begum AIR 1985 SC 945 (hereinafter referred to as the Shah Bano case), the Supreme Court pleaded for a Uniform Civil Code throughout India, and observed : ‘A common Civil Code will help the case of national integration, by removing disparate loyalties to laws which have conflicting ideologies. ‘ In the same way, in another decision of the Supreme Court Ms.Jorden Diengdeh v S. S. Chopra AIR 1985 SC 935, the court reiterated the urgent necessity for a Unifrom Civil Code, and observed : ‘ The time has now come for a complete reform of the law of marriage and make a Uniform law applicable to all people irrespective of religion or caste. ‘ The Shah Bano Case : A Turning Point Shah Bano was a 73 year old Muslim woman whose husband divorced her using the triple talaq method which means that a husband can divorce his wife by saying ‘i divorce you’ three times in three periods.So she petitioned the Supreme Court claiming that the criminal Code should apply to Muslims and that she deserved more maintenance than that precribed in the Muslim Personal Law which requires the husband to pay maintenance for only three months, the iddat period after the divorce. The court argued that even in the Quran, a woman is entitled to maintenance according to Sura 2:241-242. The court also said : ‘ Neglect by a person of sufficient means to maintain these and the inability of those persons to maintain themselves are the objective criteria of the applicability of Section 125. uch provisions, which are essentially of a prophylactic nature, cut across the barriers of religion. ‘ It added that : ‘Clause ( b) of the explanation to Section 125, which defines ‘wife’ as including a divorced wife, contains no words of limitation to justify the exclusion of Muslim women from its scope. The section is truly secular in nature. ‘ The response to the ruling was prompt. The Muslim leaders announced that they would sacrifice their ‘everything’ to protect their Personal Law.They felt that any attempt to dismantle the Personal Law would destroy the Muslim culture in the subcontinent. The government of Rajiv Gandhi, acted quickly and passed the Muslim Women’s (Protection of Rights in Divorce) Act in 1986, a law that provided the maintenance for Muslim women outside the criminal Code, thus ensuring that Muslim women were not protected under the Constitutional right to equality, and that they could no longer have recourse to Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.The act set the path for the return of the mahr and the standard maintence during the iddat period. Other Cases In the Sarla Mudgal case (1995 AIR 1531 1995 SCC (3) 635), the court held that the Hindu law can only be dissolved on any of the grounds specified under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. Conversion to Islam and marry ing again would not, by itself, dissolve the Hindu marriage by the Act. And, thus, a second marriage solemnised after converting to Islam would be an offence under Section 494 of the Indian Penal Code.In the case John Vallamattom vs the Union of India Writ Petition (Civil) No. 242 of 1997, he appealed to the court to strike down Section 118 of the Indian Succession Act of 1925, which prevents Christians from willing property for charitable and religious purposes. The then Chief Justice of India VN Khare held that : ‘ In Smt. Sarla Mudgal vs the Union of India 1995 (3) SCC 635, it was held that marriage, succession and like matters of secular character cannot be brought within the guarantee enshrined under Article 25 and 26 of the Constitution. ‘For the reason aforementioned, the writ petition is allowed and Section 118 of the Indian Succession act is declared unConstitutional being violative of the article 14 of the Constitution. ‘ Apart from the Shah Bano case (1985) and the Sarla Mudgal case (1995), there have been several other plea s by Hindu wives whose husbands converted to Islam only in order to get married again without divorcing the first wife. A Ray of Hope In the small state of Goa, a Civil Code based on the old Portuguese Family Laws exists, and Muslim Personal Law is prohibited.This is the result of indian occupation of Goa in 1961, when the government promised the people that their laws would be left intact. Commenting that the dream of a Uniform Civil Code in the country finds its realisation in Goa, former Chief Justice of India Y. V. Chandrachud had once expressed hope that it would one day ‘awaken the rest of bigoted India. ‘ Conclusion Tahir Mahmood in his study, Muslim Personal Law, concludes that ‘Article 44 does not require the state to enforce a Uniform Civil Code abruptly; it rather gives a latitude for the introduction of such a Code in stages.. .Since the Muslims and other minorities were not prepared to accept and work social reform, enactment of an all embracing Civil Code could be lawfully deferred. ‘ It appears as if, in the long run, the Muslim Women’s Act, 1986 has accomplished what the Supreme Courts original ruling had been in 1985, ie the Muslim women deserve maintenance outside their iddat period. Slowly but surely the courts have chipped away at the most blatantly discriminatory pieces of Islamic law.The basic feeling is that polygamy should be banned outright, women should be able to petition for divorce easily, husbands should not be able to use the triple talaq method of divorce, and that the maintenance be granted as it is with the non-Muslims. Basically, what they are arguing is for the application of the Special Marriage act of 1954 to be applied to Muslims, rather than it being optional for people to marry under this act. With the age of absolute majority bygone, it has become increasingly dif ficult for the move for a Uniform Civil Code to gather enough support within the Parliament to be successful. Also, for historical reasons, this demand had acquired a communal tone and many partners in the coalition government that have become the norm, are wary of the cause because of obvious vote bank concerns. We can only hope that we bridge all these gaps and finally make good of the promise given to the people by the founding fathers. It is a long dream for having for our nation a Uniform Civil Code, as our nation is not just a single nation, but comprises of several nations, several lifestyles and several cultures. How to cite Uniform Civil Code in India, Papers

Reward Management for Fair Works Commission- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theReward Management for Fair Works Commission. Answer: Essay Preparation Template What is your understanding of what is required in this essay The essay is based on the discussion of the unjustified decision of Fair Works Commission on fixing the minimum wages of the labors at just $17.29 per year which is much lower than the earlier year. The workers are extremely worried about the current situation especially the workers who are at the lowest strata of the work chain in an organization (Hsu et al. 2015). The increase in the wage will not have any positive impact on their lifestyle as because the increased amount can hardly meet any of their requirements. The increase of the wages on the other hand can trigger a crisis amongst the small business organizations as they will have to shed off extra employees to manage their budget. Such a step can result into the loss of quality of the products. Identify 2-3 key issues that will require address in this essay; is there a contest about these issues in the literature; if so what is this contest The biggest issue of the following essay is the much lower increase to the moderate wages by the fair works commission. Another main issue has been the rising tension about the increasing wage gap and the gap between the poor and the rich. Another large issue is the growing concern for the small business organizations as they would face a financial crisis which will compel them to lower the size of the workers and will also make the investors worried creating a problematic situation (De Gieter and Hofmans 2015). The production will also lead to a sharp decline because of such a chaotic situation in the market. There have been serious contests against these issues as protests and demonstrations had been organized against such an unjustified decision by the workers. Write a short synopsis of your argument and analysis as it stands now (as they will inform your principles) The essays have revealed the unjustified policies of the fair works commission as well as the policies of reward management and the performance appraisals. As discussed earlier the ruling of the fair work commission to increase the minimum wage of the labors has not been justified. The demands of the labors have been ignored and thus there have been widespread protests against such policies (Renwick Redman and Maguire 2013). On the other hand reward management can be believed to be the efficient management of the performance appraisals that helps in the setting up of the correct strategy to achieve the different goals of the organization. The performance appraisals also help the organizations to increase the motivation and the confidence level of the employees. The performance appraisal also helps to increase the organizational performance and helps in the overall growth of the organization. Identify the three main readings that you have found useful thus far in your reading Moynihan, D. and Wells, S. (2011) Designing compensation plans to manage todays risk environment,Compensation Benefits Review, vol. 43 has been handy while researching on the following essay. In the mentioned article the author has given a vivid description of the performance management tools and has shown the readers as to how casually the performance appraisals are performed (Shaw and Gupta 2015). Performance Management systems are said to be efficient when they are set on the basis of goals that determine the business strategy of the organization. The authors have also highlighted the models of competency that are associated with the business models. References De Gieter, S. and Hofmans, J., 2015. How reward satisfaction affects employees turnover intentions and performance: an individual differences approach.Human Resource Management Journal,25(2), pp.200-216. Hsu, C.P., Chiang, C.Y., Chang, C.W., Huang, H.C. and Chen, C.C., 2015. Enhancing the commitment of nurses to the organisation by means of trust and monetary reward.Journal of nursing management,23(5), pp.567-576. Renwick, D.W., Redman, T. and Maguire, S., 2013. Green human resource management: A review and research agenda.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(1), pp.1-14. Shaw, J.D. and Gupta, N., 2015. Let the evidence speak again! Financial incentives are more effective than we thought.Human Resource Management Journal,25(3), pp.281-293.

Pathogens free essay sample

Analyse Barry Turners ideas on Pathogens and critically evaluate how pathogens could lead to a large scale disaster. In your discussion you are encouraged to investigate the thoughts of other leading authors on root cause analysis and how these compare and contrast to Turner’s ideas. (2996 words, including diagrams). In the course of this paper I will assess Barry Turner’s ideas on pathogens in his manmade disaster model, whilst evaluating its practical relevance compared to root cause analysis, using historical events to provide context and support my conclusions. Much of our contemporary basis for disasters having a social, as well as technical origin was precipitated by the ‘man-made disaster model’ of Barry Turner (Turner, 1978; Turner, 1994; Turner and Pidgeon, 1997). His work stipulated the presence of a social factor inherent in accidents, generally due to the complex nature of their harboring systems. This work has since been built upon in both US and European contexts (Vaughan, 1990; Toft and Reynolds, 1997), two of such developments being Perrow’s (1984) normal accident theory and Reason’s (1990) Swiss cheese model. We will write a custom essay sample on Pathogens or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This body of literature and its subjective approach to identifying risks are often said to adopt a ‘socio-technical’ systems view. Crucially this lens of system design and management recognises the need to broadly consider both the technical and social factors at play in disasters (Cherns, 1987), in contrast to objective methods which are deemed to overlook the ‘socio’ element. As such, those concerned with maintaining control within their organisation must consider three channels of control: both managerial and administrative as well as technical (? gure 1). (? ure 1) Essential to the socio-technical framework is recognition that conditions for disaster do not arise overnight but instead â€Å"accumulate over a period of time† during an incubation period (Turner and Pidgeon, 1997, p. 72). In this time a con? uence of preconditions known as Pathogens interact with one another. It is important to now highlight two distinct features of socio-technical a nalysis. Firstly, it is the accumulation and interaction of such pathogens which foster disaster, when each independently is unlikely to result in a similarly extreme outcome. Secondly and of similar importance is the axiom that disasters are a â€Å"signi? cant disruption or collapse of the existing cultural beliefs and norms about hazards† (Pidgeon and O’Leary, 2000, p. 16). Synthesising these two points then, such incubation periods occur when a series of small events, discrepant with the existing organisational norms occur and accumulate unnoticed. Disasters are then precipitated by a trigger event, which, in light of the build up of pathogens to a critical level leads to a catastrophe. In his paper, Turner (1994) identi? s two distinct trends which can be seen as symptomatic of pathogen build up in complex systems; sloppy management and unsound system design, both of which we will now explore. Within the umbrella issue of poor management I have collected Turner’s thoughts and identi? ed speci? c precondition enablers. Fore-mostly is the issue of information mis-use, but speci? cally information asymmetries. Such asymmetries might arise when individuals throughout the hierarchy fail to pass on and reveal information, whether deliberately or otherwise, whilst often the information is mistakenly passed to those who cannot effectively use it. Importantly, there are also cases of deliberate disregard for information as we will see shortly. Signi? cantly this information issue is enhanced as often it cannot be readily identi? ed. Agents operating within the environment believe it is normal and acceptable for such a ‘degraded state’ to prevail (Weir, 1991). If this is the case, it precludes the possibility of pre-condition neutralisation, as it becomes impossible to recognise the behavior as divergent, as it is no longer discrepant with the organisational norm. Turner (1994) goes on to postulate that an ef? ient operating state of information cannot in-fact exist, as the balance it calls for is impossible to reach. Surely, whilst too little information fosters the so called ‘degraded environment’, we could envisage that too much information would result in equal, if not greater inef? ciencies due to a saturated environment underpinned by the bounded rationality of agents within the system. Concurren tly, we ? nd certain system structures which are known to be particularly susceptible to this dif? culty. The literature has often spoken of the dif? ulties that can arise through information friction and overload where we ? nd hierarchal rigidity, such as a bureaucracy (Simon, 1947), with alarming information failures in the FBI, DOJ and CIA preceding the 9/11 attacks (Kramer, 2005). Similarly, such in? exible structures are prone to the phenomenon of ‘groupthink’ (Janis, 1982). Here the authority commanded by management allows them to not only enforce their unrealistic views upon surrounding agents, but to ensure agents are brought in beneath them who are like-minded, ensuring that the issue is systemic. The second trend identi? ed is system properties. In such cases, as the complexity of technology systems becomes increasingly developed, there is the possibility of disasters occurring due to unforeseen interactions. This theory was developed by Perrow (1984) in response to the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island and their elimination can only be achieved through system reengineering (Turner and Toft (1988)). Such actions should be focused on moving away from tightly coupled, interdependent elements, as evidenced in serious E-Coli outbreaks caused by the spread of infected meat through the standard food distribution network (Pidgeon and O’Leary (2000)). Support in the literature which calls for the broad scope of socio-technical theory is notable. According to two papers cited by Turner (1994), 70-80% of all disasters are precipitated by a social – administrative and managerial – fault, with subsequent public enquiries proposing a similar percentage of changes in such social contexts (Drogaris, 1991; Turner and Toft, 1988). Similarly, a study by Blockley (1980) found that in the case of 84 technical failures, greater attention had to be paid to both political and organisational conditions which were deemed to foster human error (alluding to the aforementioned institutional norms). He found that technical failures were underpinned by managerial and administrative frailties such as engineers who were fully aware of technical issues but failed to report them. Also, though such complex systems are inevitably unique, the previously outlined pattern of failure is one which is found time and again in disasters around the world. To illustrate this pattern, I have constructed a chain of causality which appropriately contextualises Turner’s (1994) model using the Bhopal chemical leak (? ure 2). (? gure 2) By employing a socio-technical systems view, dangerous gaps were uncovered in the safety culture and environmental awareness not only at the plant, but throughout increasingly industrialised, developing economies (Broughton, 2005). Such problems are not isolated to developing nations however; another disaster which was scrutinised heavily occurred in January of 1986, when the space-shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds after take-off. Similarly to the Bhopal chemical incident, concerns were expressed prior to the disaster however a fundamentally different method of ad-hoc analysis was used in the Presidential investigation that followed. Traditionally, accidents had been viewed in a linear, two dimensional fashion where each failure is linked in a sequential chain (Qureshi, 2008). One such method of assessment is root cause analysis (RCA), which seeks to identify the primary element in the chain and was chosen by the Challenger investigative body. Such an approach seems a reasonable and logical response when it is inherent in human nature to search for â€Å"simple technical solutions as a panacea’ (Elliott Smith, 1993, p. 226). In most cases, stakeholders primarily look for a simple explanation to help them understand the issue, often to assess liability. According to the RCA literature, once this root cause has correctly been identi? ed, through corrective action the issue should be resolved and will consequently not occur again. In light of the events of the Challenger disaster, both machine and human loss including a civilian, the public and government need to identify a ‘root cause’ seems understandable, particularly when the circumstances of the disaster point to a technical fault. The investigation concluded, relying heavily on the video-evidence available from over 200 cameras, that a failure in the o-ring seal in the right solid-rocket-booster caused the explosion, having been rendered ineffective due to the cold weather. Through my own investigation and that of others however, such ? dings seem to grossly oversimplify the events that lead up to the disaster. Roger Boisjoly, an engineer employed at booster manufacturer Morton Thiokol already knew of the technical shortcomings, in fact expressing concerns speci? cally of the shuttle exploding (Seconds From Disaster, 2007). He made two efforts to make senior of? cials aware prior to launch: initially writing a memo to Thiokol managers six mo nths in advance, ? nally arranging a teleconference the night before the ill-fated voyage in an increasingly desperate attempt. The outcome of the conference had little effect in the wake of heavy resistance from NASA representatives such as Lawrence Mulloy, head of rocket booster technology. Incredibly, this resistance came even in the face of photographic evidence of the o-ring cold weather liability, from recovered boosters from a Discovery launch in similar weather a year earlier. In an independent investigation author James Chiles uncovered further issues which could have been readily identi? ed with a more fastidious safety culture (Seconds From Disaster, 2007). Having made it through the initial launch phase, Chiles postulates that the o-ring rupture would not in-fact have proved fatal as the fuel’s aluminium additive resealed the leak after launch. It was only when Challenger passed through a violent jet-stream (winds of over 300 kilometers per hour) that this makeshift seal was re-opened, causing the explosion. The existence of this jet-stream could easily have been identi? ed as a commercial airliner, passing through the launch area half an hour earlier had already reported it and it subsequently showed up on Challengers ? nal telemetry. It was overlooked however when NASA weather balloons, which had in-fact drifted away from the launch area, reported nominal conditions. Attributing the disaster to the o-ring failure alone is to apply a narrow-minded view to the issue and might have ultimately done more harm than good. In the subsequent investigation into the Columbia disaster years later, the investigation found NASA liable by not having reconciled the organisational safety philosophy in the wake of Challenger. Indeed, Morton Thiokol went on to supply the new shuttle boosters and Lawrence Mulloy was made head of all propulsion systems at NASA. Following the Columbia reentry disaster years later it was stated, â€Å"the foam debris hit was not the single cause of the Columbia accident, just as the failure of the joint seal that permitted O-ring erosion was not the single cause of Challenger. Both Columbia and Challenger were lost also because of the failure of NASA? s organisational system† (Columbia Accident Investigation Board, 2003, p. 195). Similarly telling was an independent investigation conducted by Nobel Prize winning physicist Richard Feynman. His observations of the Challenger disaster at no point mention the o-ring but instead focused on the failings in NASA management (Lentz, 1996). Feynman’s ? ndings were relegated to the appendix of the investigation report. Lessons were not learned, and it is my belief that the elementary nature of the ? ndings, emphasising a technical fault over obvious gross mis-management were at least partially to blame for what followed. The weaknesses of RCA become clear then, particularly in light of industry developments since the 20th century with system complexity becoming commonplace. Importantly, Hollnagel (2004) notes that particular industries that are problematic for such analysis are aviation, aerospace, telecommunications, power production (nuclear particularly) and healthcare. I believe what makes these distinct, is not just their highly technological systems, but the high degree of human autonomy found in these industries. RCA is also undone in the context of complex systems due to its sequential view of events as following one another, ensuring it can’t tackle bidirectional causality (e. g. competitor response to marketing initiatives (Okes, 2009)). Looking at the Bhopal and NASA examples, it’s clear to see that such systems require an epidemiological approach and perspective, as whilst the factors and preconditions can be viewed chronologically, importantly it’s not because of such a chronological manner the disaster occurred. Whilst we could conduct multiple RCA’s to identify multiple root elements, there is little consensus on how to aggregate such ? ndings and implement appropriate solutions. This is of particular issue in the healthcare industry which relies heavily upon RCA (Root cause analysis, 2012). It is my belief this over-reliance on a limited tool is due to the common need to place liability in the wake of healthcare accidents, to assess potential legal action and remuneration. Further issues are it’s inability to effectively tackle human errors such as sloppy management, and the tools limitation to its users bounded rationality and knowledge: RCA is not able to expand its users understanding beyond incumbent mental faculties. The alignment of disasters explored with Turner’s (1994) model are evident. In the Challenger case particularly, we see how it was the interaction of mis-management (not utilising critical information), high wind conditions as-well as the technical o-ring de? ciencies which combined to cause disaster. According to Chiles (Seconds from Disaster, 2007), if you were to remove the high-altitude jet-stream, the aluminium seal may not have shaken loose and the shuttle may have continued unharmed. This supports our earlier axiom of pathogen interaction as necessary for disaster. Following the events at Hillsborough, the Archbishop of York Dr. John Habgood, speaking at the memorial said â€Å"events of the magnitude of Hillsborough don’t usually happen just for one single reason, nor is it usually possible to pin the blame on one single scapegoat Disasters happen because a whole series of mistakes, misjudgments and mischances happen to come together in a deadly combination† (Taylor, 1989, p. 20). Indeed, public inquiries following con? rmed as much. The examples explored perfectly illustrate both the broad nature of preconditions – technical and human – in provenance, as well as the existence of an incubation period. As such, they lend credibility to socio-technical theory as a descriptive tool. At the same time I believe its strengths go beyond post-hoc analysis, being ideal for usage as a prescriptive form of risk assessment and systems design. Recent developments in literature have focused in this area by learning from highly reliable organisations (HRO’s). Remedial measures include incident learning systems (illustrated in ? gure 3 overleaf), the promotion of organisational learning and reevaluation of institution culture in order to realign and rede? e the norms (Carnes, 2011; Reiman, 2007), as done in the US Nuclear Power Industry. Pidgeon (2012) similarly promotes organisational learning alongside senior management commitment to safety, shared care and concern for hazards and a recognition of their impact, as-well as realistic and ? exible norms and rules about hazards. Empirical evaluation by Rognin, Salembier and Zouinar (1998) utilising a complex systems approach have also explor ed the aviation industry, recognizing their use of mutual awareness, mutual monitoring and communication as preventative tools toward a Pathogenic environment. These prescriptions are all highly congruent with one another, adding weight to their applicability for research based management. (? gure 3. Cooke and Rohleder (2006)) This having been said, RCA does have its place amongst certain post-hoc analysis. Many different forms exist and have been employed with great effectiveness in non complex systems which are isolated from a human factor. Two distinct examples are Toyota’s development of the iterative ‘? ve-whys’ method (Bodek, 1988) in tandem with Ishikawa diagrams (1968). This example is a staple tool in the Toyota production process and required learning during employee induction. An example of it’s usage is illustrated in ? gure 4. However, I postulate Toyota’s success with RCA is due to the automated nature of system design in their production process and the lack of human autonomy found in their plants, as opposed to alluding to any great power in the framework. (? gure 4. Ohno (2006)) To summarize, assessing the two models and addressing them as mutually exclusive concepts, RCA clearly has merits when applied to purely technical systems and failings. Whilst there is some literature which maintains the two are not such exclusive methodologies, this has been beyond the scope of my analysis. Once we begin to look at increasingly complex systems, RCA clearly becomes unsuitable. Socio-technical theory in contrast has considerably greater scope as both a descriptive and prescriptive tool. As such, it is my ? rm belief that in a world of increasing complexity, with ? rms heavily investing in the design of more complex systems facilitated by greater computing capabilities, root-cause analysis is at best a foundation tool. Often it is likely to be insuf? cient to identify an appropriate cause and even when it can, further investigation should be employed using a systems view which accommodates complexity in order to rescribe suitable changes. As such, in the coming weeks, I would expect the investigation into the Texas fertilizer plant explosion to go considerably beyond RCA in its analysis, though using it initially to satisfy the public need for a quick answer in the wake of such human loss.

What Are NCAA Divisions Division 1 vs 2 vs 3

What Are NCAA Divisions Division 1 vs 2 vs 3 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Generally speaking, NCAA divisions separate schools by the level of competition and the resources of their athletic departments. Most collegiate sporting events you see on television, from March Madness to the College World Series, are competitions between Division I schools. Division I offers the highest level of competition and Division I schools' athletic departments have the biggest budgets. Division III is the lowest level of competition in the NCAA, and Division III schools tend to have the smallest athletic department budgets. In this article, I'll break down the differences between NCAA divisions to give you a better idea of what separates Division I, II, and III schools. For those of you who wish to participate in intercollegiate athletics, you can get an idea of which division would best suit your interests and abilities. For those of you who don’t want to compete but care about sports, you can use this guide to determine if the division of a college’s sports teams will be a determining factor for you when selecting a college. What Is the NCAA? The NCAA is the National Collegiate Athletic Association. It's the major governing body for intercollegiate athletics. More than 1200 colleges and universities are members of the NCAA. It's a "non-profit" organization whose revenue in 2012-2013 was $912 million. What Are the NCAA's Responsibilities? The NCAA's primary responsibilities are to oversee championships and to enforce and establish rules for its member institutions. Many NCAA rules deal with financial aid for athletes, recruiting, and determining athlete eligibility. Additionally, the NCAA is responsible for changes to the rules of some of the sports that it governs. NCAA member institutions are divided into 3 divisions: Division I, II, and III. For football, Division I is further divided into Football Bowl Subdivision schools (FBS) and Football Championship Subdivision Schools (FCS). The purpose of the divisions is to create parity and a more level playing field in intercollegiate sports. Also, the existence of divisions gives smaller schools with fewer resources the opportunity to compete for championships. There is prestige and publicity associated with competing in NCAA sports, especially at the highest levels in the major sports. For example, Butler, a somewhat unknown school in Indianapolis previously, received $639 million of publicity by reaching the final game of the NCAA men's Division I basketball playoffs in 2010. Colleges want the opportunity for the exposure and prestige that NCAA participation can give them. Generally, the higher the division, the more possible publicity a school can receive through its athletics program. Even at the lower levels, though, NCAA sports programs generate publicity and attract students (and their tuitions) from across the world. Let's go into further depth about each of the NCAA divisions to determine the differences between them. Division I Division I schools have the biggest student bodies, the largest athletic budgets, and the most athletic scholarships. More than 350 schools that field more than 6,000 teams providing opportunities to more than 170,000 student-athletes are members of NCAA Division I. All of the major sports conferences, including the SEC, Big 10, Pac 12, and ACC are composed of Division I schools. Ivy League Institutions are Division I, but they don't offer athletic scholarships. The Ivy League schools are Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton, and Yale. Rules for Division I Schools The NCAA sets standards for its member institutions to meet in order for a school to reach or maintain Division I status. These rules are set to ensure competitive balance and gender equity. Also, there are specific rules for football and basketball. Because those are the sports that generate the most revenue, they're more closely monitored, and the disparity between the haves and have-nots in those sports is much greater. Division I schools have to sponsor at least seve sports for men and seven sports for women (or six for men and eight for women). Each playing season (fall, winter, and spring) has to be represented by each gender. For sports other than football and basketball, Division I schools must play 100% of the minimum number of contests against Division I opponents. Anything over the minimum number of games has to be 50% Division I. Men's and women's basketball teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams. Men's basketball teams must play 1/3 of their games in their home arenas. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, and there are maximum athletic financial aid awards for each sport that a Division I school can't exceed. FBS (Football Bowl Subdivision) The FBS is the highest level of collegiate football. FBS schools participate in bowl games. There is an obscene amount of money in FBS football, so much so that the highest paid FBS coaches make $7 million annually. In 2014, Forbes valued the University of Texas football team at $131 million. FBS teams have to meet minimum attendance requirements. An FBS team must average 15,000 people in actual or paid attendance per home game. Attendance requirements must be met once in a rolling two-year period. In 2014, average attendance for an FBS home game was 44,190. If a team can't even average 15,000 people, most likely it can't be competitive with other FBS teams. There are both public and private colleges in the FBS. Examples of private FBS schools include Stanford, Notre Dame, Duke, and Northwestern. Examples of public FBS schools include Alabama, Oklahoma, UCLA, and Michigan. The University of Alabama football team having some fun with President Obama FCS (Football Championship Subdivision) FCS is the next highest level of collegiate football after FBS. FCS schools participate in an NCAA-run championship. FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements, but just so you can compare the attendance figures with those of FBS schools, the 2014 average FCS home game attendance was 7,666. Examples of FCS private schools include Harvard, Princeton, Dartmouth, and Colgate. Examples of FCS public schools include Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, UC Davis, North Dakota State University, and Illinois State University. Division II Almost 300 schools are part of Division II. Division II schools still offer athletic scholarships, but there are fewer scholarships than in Division I. Full athletic scholarships are more common in Division I; most Division II athletes receive partial athletic scholarships. The schools and athletic department budgets are smaller in Division II than in Division I. While Division I schools often travel nationally to compete, regional rivalries dominate the schedules of Division II. Examples of Division II schools include UCSD, University of West Florida, Northern Michigan University, Oklahoma Baptist University, and Valdosta State University. Rules for Division II Schools Just like for Division I schools, the NCAA sets standards for Division II schools in order to maintain competitive balance, opportunities for all athletes, and gender equity. Division II schools have to sponsor at least five sports for men and five for women (or four for men and six for women), with two team sports for each gender, and each playing season represented by each gender. Each sport has contest and participant minimums. Football and men's and women's basketball must play at least 50% of their games against Division II, FBS, or FCS opponents. Unlike Division I, there are no attendance requirements for football or arena game requirements for basketball. There are maximum financial aid awards for each sport. Division III Division III is the largest of all of the NCAA divisions. In Division III, there are 444 institutions and more than 170,000 student-athletes. A key difference in Division III is that there are no athletic scholarships. However, a majority of the athletes are on some form of academic or need-based aid. Also, there are shorter practice hours and less travel for games in D III. In Division III, the emphasis is on the value of competing in sports to the participant. There is less of a focus on generating revenue or creating events for spectators. Examples of Division III schools include Babson College, California Institute of Technology, Emory, Eastern Connecticut State University, and the University of Rochester. Cal Tech, home of The Big Bang Theory's Sheldon Cooper, is a Division III school. Rules for Division III Schools The rules for Division III are designed to maintain gender equity and to ensure that schools offer a minimum number of opportunities to all athletes. Division III schools have to sponsor at least five sports for men and five for women, with two team sports for each gender, and each playing season represented by each gender. There are contest and participant minimums for each sport. Major Differences Between Divisions Division I is the most prestigious, has the most money, and the highest caliber of athletes. Division I schools also are the largest on average. Division II still offers scholarships, but there are fewer, and Division II schools typically have fewer athletic department funds and fewer sports teams than Division I schools. There are an average of 18 sports at Division I schools and 15 at Division II. Division III offers no athletic scholarships, tends to have the lowest level of competition, but the highest number of participants across all divisions. Division III schools offer an average of 18 sports per school. Also, Division III has the highest average percentage of the student body participating in sports. Here's a breakdown by the numbers of these differences between NCAA divisions. Generally, the biggest disparities between divisions are in the traditional revenue generating sports of football and men's basketball. While the average attendance of a home football game at an FBS school is over 44,000, the average attendance of a home football game at a Division III school is less than 2,000. Many FBS head coaches receive multi-million dollar salaries. Meanwhile, many Division III head football coaches also have teaching positions at their colleges to supplement their incomes. It's important to note that just because a school is in a lower division doesn't mean that its student body doesn't care about sports or that the school is not as concerned with its athletes. Many Division II and III schools have passionate fan bases, especially in the high profile sports and for teams that regularly compete for championships. Other Intercollegiate Sports Associations Besides the NCAA, there are two other governing bodies for intercollegiate sports, the NAIA and the NJCAA. The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, or the NAIA, has about 300 member institutions. NAIA schools are smaller and have relatively low athletic department budgets, roughly on par with Division III schools. However, unlike NCAA Division III, NAIA schools do offer athletic scholarships. Examples of NAIA schools include Morningside College, Mayville State University, and Florida Memorial University. The NAIA doesn't have the prestige of the NCAA, but it offers an alternative for smaller schools that want to compete. The National Junior College Athletics Association, or NJCAA, is the governing board for sports at two year colleges. Members of the NJCAA can also offer athletic scholarships. Scholarship Limits By Sport and Division For those of you who are hoping to get an athletic scholarship, I'm linking to the following chart to give you an idea of the number of athletic scholarships available for each sport in each division. If you're trying to get an athletic scholarship for college, this chart can inform you of your available opportunities, and you can see the differences in available athletic scholarships by division. Some of these numbers have changed slightly, but they're roughly accurate. You may notice that, for most sports, there aren't an equal number of scholarships available in the same sport in the same division for men and women. The primary reason for this is because the NCAA, for both ethical and legal reasons, wants schools to give roughly the same amount of aid to men and women; because there are so many scholarships for football, there are more maximum scholarships for women in most of the other sports. Also, even though there are more scholarships in some sports at the NJCAA level than at the NCAA level, keep in mind that the scholarships are worth significantly more at the NCAA level because two-year colleges are much cheaper. Finally, on the chart you'll see the term "head count sport" next to some sports. A head count sport can only offer full scholarships. The head count sports are FBS football, Division I basketball, Division I women's gymnastics, and Division I women's volleyball. Most sports aren't head count sports and also offer partial scholarships. Final Note: Each Division Has Advantages and Disadvantages There are pros and cons of each NCAA division, and you can determine which division may be best for you based on your priorities and aspirations. If you are an athlete, you should be realistic about your current skill level, your athletic goals, and your desire to compete. If you want to go to the Olympics or become a professional in your sport, perhaps you should attend a Division I school and test yourself against the top athletes. If you're only being recruited by Division II schools, maybe it's in your best interest to attend one of them and have a better chance to compete, rather than walking on at a Division I school and possibly not getting a chance to participate in a real game. If you're a sports fan, maybe you'd enjoy the environment at Division III sporting events where you can get really close to the action and often for free. Or, maybe you would prefer to go to an FBS school to get the opportunity to be in a stadium with 100,000 other screaming fans and be able to regularly watch your school compete on national television. Ideally, athletics should only be one factor in determining your college decision, and it should be less of a concern to you than academics. However, sports can play a huge role in your collegiate experience. The NCAA division of your school does play a part in determining what your college experience will be like. What's Next? Now that you're familiar with what separates NCAA divisions, you can find a full listing of Division I, II, and III schools by state. Also, if you're an athlete, learn about how the recruiting process works. For the NCAA clearinghouse, find out what SAT scores and ACT scores ou need to qualify. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

A Critique of the Flint Michigan Water Crisis

A Critique of the Flint Michigan Water Crisis Several years ago, there began a crisis in Flint Michigan with their water supply. It had been heavily polluted and became very undrinkable. The residents in these areas had water of every color in the spectrum, such as brown, yellow, and black. Such issues occurred because mistreated water eating away at the lead pipes. This lead to toxic levels in the supply, which inevitably made it change color as well as be deemed unsafe for consumption. Many individuals in such areas are still facing these issues, and resolution is not only complex but seems nearly impossible at this point. Even those who are not directly suffering these issues should be sympathetic as well as helpful for those experiencing such issues. I personally have a friend who attends a university in this town. His name is Saud and he is still having many problems with his water supply. Although, he claimed that the color is becoming much better, he still does not trust it to drink. He says that there are many in the same boat as him and that it is taking way too long to resolve such issues. Purchasing filtered water for consumption as well as showering has become a huge expense to him. This problem is so bad that he is actually considering switching universities because he is tired of waiting and dealing with such issues. I not only feel bad for my friend, but for all the others undergoing similar situations. It is highly unfair that anyone is not granted clean water. We all need this to survive and without it we would surely parish. I remember watching something on television with the CEO of Nestle water. The interviewer asked this man if everyone is deserving of clean and clear water and he said only if they are paying for it. This really struck me, and I still think of that from time to time. Here is a guy who has millions if not trillions of bottles of water, and he would not even give some to these poor individuals for free. What a perfect example of corporate greed, while many people suffer, those who can vastly make a difference turn their cheeks to the issues. Although such situations are very sad, they have given me a newfound appreciation for what I do have. Clean water may not seem like a great thing until you do not have it. Clean water is not only an issue in Flint but throughout the world as well. Many third world countries are left without clean water, while many travel miles for dirty brown water. While we simply get free clean and clear water anywhere, even free at restaurants. Often times we take for granted simple luxuries such as water. No one appreciates such things until they are taken from them. I, however, will always be grateful for the clean water supply I have had my entire life. I will pray for these individuals in Flint, and the others throughout the world who do not have good water supplies.

Questios about graphs Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Questios about graphs - Lab Report Example Such is the best solution rather than closing down the company. The number of firms remains steady in neither short-run, whereby no firm can enter nor exit. When the market price exceeds the average variable cost, the revenue generated by the firms will then cover the variable cost and some revenue left over to offset the fixed costs. The quantity supplied by each company will decrease and remain steady to where it can sustain to operate in the conditions. Thus, the quantity supplied in the market may not meet the required demand by the customers since the quantity will neither decrease nor increase till the firms are out of operating at loss (Caimcross 66). Q3. b) Monopoly is a market where production is under the control of a single supply. The marginal revenue is less than the average revenue because when the monopolists wants to sell more, they must reduce the price on each unit; this prevents the competition from happening. Q4. b) Economic profits are driven to zero when the demand curve, as well as the average total cost curves, are tangent to each other. In this case, the prices are equal to average total cost and thus the firms will earn zero economic profits. The quantity of outputs in the monopolistic competition is much smaller than the quantity that minimizes average total cost. But in perfect competition, price is equal to the minimum average total cost thus the companies produce at their efficient scale. The price in monopolistic competition is greater than marginal cost since the firm has the market power unlike in perfect competition where it is equal to marginal cost. Q5. b) Oligopoly is where a few firms exist in the market. The oligopolies face the downward sloping demand curve. In this case, the rival firms cannot follow a price increase by one firm hence demand will be relatively elastic and rises in the price that will lead to a fall in total revenue of the firm. Also, the rivals