Functional Status Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Functional Status - Assignment Example Patient’s history is needed when assessing and interviewing patients, because they could be characteristics that might interfere with the assessment. When interviewing, the clinician should be aware of the patient’s daily concerns and ask specific questions. This rapport helps the clinician and patient communicate effectively. Medical history is another area clinicians should ask elderly patients questions regarding their physical nature. For example, eyes, mouth, ears, throat, chest, neck, musculoskeletal back pains, and neurologic. Regarding drug use history, the history has to be recorded, and the elderly counseled in order to stop the habit. For example, tobacco and alcohol abuse (Besdine, 2013). Physical examination is something clinicians have to observe critically because it tells a lot about elderly patients, for example vital signs such as heart rate, skin color, and abnormalities within the body (Bickley, 2013). The process of reasoning is what all clinicians go through, and they differ broadly in terms of personal style, training, communication skills, and experience (Bickley, 2013). Clinical reasoning involves developing, testing hypotheses and establishing working diagnosis. Besdine, R. W. ( 2013). Evaluation of the elderly patient. Retrieved Dec 30, 2014 from

Global Convergence and Divergence Research Paper

Global Convergence and Divergence - Research Paper Example The phenomenon of globalization is the inter-connectedness among the various nations of the world on the basis of economic ties, and this has produced convergence or unity and integration of different world systems. According to Thomas Friedman, globalization is the â€Å"inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies†¦..the spread of free-market capitalism to virtually every country in the world.† McMichael sees the process of global integration taking place on the basis of â€Å"market rule on a global scale†. This process of integration may be producing a global convergence of different organizational systems. Ugeux defines convergence as the manner in which a series of actions are driven towards a central point of reference – a process resulting in a move towards a common set of principles and objectives. Uguex notes that there appears to be a conceptual convergence in the following aspects: (a) the use of a non-ruling approach, wherein recommendations have been made for Companies to follow, which have been mandatorily imposed, yet are in practice being followed by many countries (b) the majority of the Board of public companies must be independent and executives of the Company are not deemed to be independent (c) Members of the audit committee must be independent directors and must not receive fees or compensation from the Companies (d) the audit committee makes the decision on the hiring of external auditors and this is subject to the approval of the directors and shareholders.

Mobile Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mobile Marketing - Research Paper Example The paper aims at deciphering the future of digital marketing along with the advantages and disadvantages. It gives emphasis on mobile marketing as it gained prominence over the past few years. Digital marketing has already made a huge progress in the present situation and in the years to come, this will proceed and benefit everyone in the world. This needs to be adopted by every marketer for enhancing the communication with its potential customers.Digital marketing refers to the process of marketing where information about products is delivered to the target customers with the help of technologies. Taking the help of this brand awareness increases among people and all this leads to increase in sales thereby generating profit in the long run. It enables the audience to access information about any company they want through digital media and this is possible at any place and any time.This medium is used not only by the customers but also by the companies in order to know about the pre ferences of customers. The knowledge about the choices of customers is not enough; there is a greater need for communicating with them. This is done through social media sites, emails, and mobile phones. The companies by taking the help of these mediums know about the experiences of the customers, record them and through this, the expectations about the products of them are known. The strategies adopted by rival companies can also be extracted from digital media and this can be incorporated in their own companies for improving.

Organizational Responsibility and Ethics Paper Essay

Organizational Responsibility and Ethics Paper - Essay Example This could happen due to many reasons like, lack of vision, lack of cooperation among the different agencies involved in health care, or due to the lack of sincerity and honesty within such agencies. The health care system in the United States is no different in the sense that it is one with many paradoxes. The country is a leader in the development of medical research and has a national health care policy on which government spending is the highest in the world. But the health care system is considered to be quite inefficient because of fragmentation, lack of uniformity, and the existence of a large number of people who are not covered by health insurance. The system is also overburdened due to an ageing population and lack of qualified personnel. Any organization, whether it is formed for the purpose of social care or for profit has a responsibility towards the society and individuals in which it operates. This is true for a health care system also. This paper is an attempt to stud y the concept of organizational responsibility issues that exists within the health care system in the United States. In the process, it will look into issues like the ageing population of the country, the unhealthy habits of its citizens, absence of health insurance, increasing number of illegal immigrants and the ethical dilemmas that may exist in the overstretched health system. As mentioned earlier, the health care system in the country is full of paradoxes and contradictions. â€Å"At one extreme are those who argue that Americans have the â€Å"best health care system in the world†, pointing to the freely available medical technology and state-of-the-art facilities that have become so highly symbolic of the system.† (Chua, 2006, p.1). At the other extreme, the system is accused of massive lack of health insurance, fragmentation, difference in health policies of individual states, waste of resources,

Antivirus Software The Advantages Computer Science Essay

Antivirus Software The Advantages Computer Science Essay Antivirus is defending software designed for guarding your computers system smart cell phones against Virus, Trojans Hijackers etc. These all Viruses, Trojans Win32 etc. are called Malicious Software in computer world. All Antivirus software run in the background at all times to protect defense your computers system smart cell phones some antivirus are automatically updated through internet some antivirus are needs manual updated through internet to protect your systems against Malicious software. [1] Introduction: Antivirus software provides many critical layers to protect from Virus, win32, Trojans worm etc. The first document removal of the computer viruses was written by Bernd Fix. There are two types antivirus application in the computer world so that the time of the Atari ST platform designed in 1987 the first one was G Data second was UVK 2000 made by Bernd Fix in 1987.The word Antivirus is come from the word Antibiotic which means implies combat with an invading force of the programs. Fred Cohen designed the strategies relative to an Antivirus software program in 1988 to solve the virus problems. [2] The old previews years Antivirus software are not so good because those software only detected the Virus Spyware etc. remove it from your computers system damage your some operating system files inside your computers now AntiVirus software much better than old ones because it detected the virus remove it without deleting your operating system files inside your computers it also fight against new malicious software which come from internet network. Well in the preview years Antivirus software are not completely free downloadable on the internet means you could only find some antivirus software with trial version now Antivirus software are completely free download without trial version . New Antivirus also checked the incoming outgoing mail, email attachments etc. It also has internet security for internet threats. [2] Advantages and Disadvantages: Antivirus software is very useful in the preventing, controlling, virus many more viruses program, which can damage the computers components from inside operating system files to. [2] Antivirus software are used the methods for searching killing Viruses some of the well knows patterns of computer data programs. [2] Antivirus programs are very effective against the viruses program, whose is the biggest threat for your computer systems. [2] Antivirus program has some limitations drawbacks on the other hand, which effect on the computer system performance. [2] In the computer world, inexperienced users can have many problems with the antivirus programs or software such as inabilities to understand, threats of the software success of the antivirus programs software are dependent on the ability of the user to understand Or knowing the right kind of balance between the positives negatives things in the computer world. [2] Antivirus software or programs can cause problems during the installation window in the computer system or upgrade the Windows Service packs in the computer system. [2] Antivirus software can be hampered some few software programs because it used its own firewall to block application to store in the computer system. E.g. True Crypt. [2] Some Antivirus program will not knowing by the policy assessment before make its own policy when it install in the computer system. [2] There are three major types of detection which is used to identify the potential threats in the computer system such as: Signature based, Heuristic based File emulation method. [3] Signature based detection: In this method, you can identify the viruses malware virus software. Antivirus software can also compare the content files of the computer system to dictionary files of virus signatures because viruses are embed into themselves in the files shape or in pieces shape to infect the computers. [3] Heuristic based detection: In this method, you can only detect malicious activity relative to viruses identify unknown viruses in the computer system. [3] File emulation: In this method, it has using the heuristic type approach which it executing the program in a virtual environment which effect the action of the program performs it also carries out the disinfection actions relative to the programs which run in the computer. [3] What is a Virus? Viruses are the category of malicious program code software, viruses are used for attempted to breach security value break them damage data of the computer system display unwanted messages on the display screen when the antivirus program for gabbing user passwords on a networks are called LOGIN.exe. These real LOGIN.exe programs which have intruder or infect the user programs are called Trojan Horses when viruses program fall into the Trojans category than these viruses program have the ability to reproduce themselves again again until users computer systems slow down performance processing to any application it infected the your operating system. [4] Why Do Viruses Exist? Now-a-days every computer virus programs are written by someone who wanted it to infect damage other peoples computer systems smart cell phones our world. So these Viruses program coding pass from computer to other computers system these viruses may be not have direct effect on the some computers but it effects on the other resources like(Disk space Memory) thats why these viruses are harmful it coding are very complex it also contain some serious bugs which damages the computer system pretty badly. [4] How do we will know if we have a virus want to protect our computer systems? If the someone computer systems are very running slower, freezing it displaying error messages again again than you should have the viruses in yours computers or operating system than u must install Antivirus software scan your computer system with latest internet updated of the Antivirus programs security to clear your computer with viruses. [4] How do we get these viruses on our computer system or operating system? Computer systems can be infected by viruses because: User using the Internet without having the latest updates of the Antivirus programs security installed into your operating system. [4] User using the Internet without having a working firewall on the operating system or Antivirus software. [4] User who opening the email attachments without knowing that whos will send him or her. [4] User visiting unreliable website pages than viruses automatically stored into your computer because these website pages contains the infected viruses programs. [4] How do we get rid of the malware software? To get rid of the Viruses you should use latest Antivirus software or latest Antivirus program security updates now-a-days much new Antivirus software are able on the Internet free cost with one years updates free e.g. Norton Antivirus, McAfee Antivirus Kaspersky Antivirus etc. [4] What are types of Virus in the computer world? There are several types of viruses in the world which your computers your operating systems for examples: Worms, Trojan horses, Logic bombs, Mutated viruses, Polymorphic viruses, Bounty hunters, Boot sector viruses Macro viruses etc. [4] Worms: Worms Viruses are used to spread over a network of the internet hacks the computer system or operating system which connects with internet networks. [4] Trojan horses: Trojans viruses are used to create a security hole in the computer programs or operating system infected the system files inside. [4] Logic bombs: Logic bombs viruses are used to trigger the specific event means computer systems date programs of remote activation etc. [4] Mutated viruses: Mutated viruses are used to rewritten by hacker users to change the behavior or signature of the programs made the multiple versions of the same viruses that infected the computer programs or operating system. So these viruses are also called variants. [4] Polymorphic viruses: Viruses which are used to automatically change according their appearance, like as a chameleon by giving the viruss signature of the programs in encrypt-decrypt function so virus can only be recognize its own signature of the program. This kind of virus is called Polymorphic viruses. [4] Bounty hunters: Bounty hunters viruses are used to modify signature program stored by Antivirus program in the order to render them an inoperable in the operating system. [4] Boot sector viruses: A boot sector virus is used to infecting the boot sector of a hard drive of the computer system. (Just like MBR Master boot record) it also has infected the speed of the processer. [4] Macro viruses: Viruses which came from email, email attachments etc. to damage the operating system or hack the computer system [4] BackDoor.exe Viruses: These viruses are highly dangerous because it can give the complete shell of the victims computers to the attacker. These exe are made by many encryption techniques, so anti-virus hardly detects these types of viruses. [4] What is Firewall Spyware? Firewall: Firewall is software or program which have security tool to help limit internet network traffic with hackers or viruses to getting in your computer system. Firewall helped protects your computer from future hackers new incoming viruses. [4] Spyware: Spyware are used to a multitude of malicious software programs which access your computer system. When Spyware viruses infect your computer system or operating system than it will slow down your operating system speed performance your computer system going to hang again again. [4] Issues relative with the Antivirus software: Unexpected renewal costs: Some of the commercial antivirus software which includes end-user license agreements which effect on the subscription automatically renewed it, cost so much which you not expected. [5] False positives: Antivirus software can used to identify non-malicious files which having the viruses so that it will be cause serious problems for the computer system because false positive make operating system files very unstable because of the viruses. [5] System interoperability related issues: When the multiple antivirus programs running on the computer or operating system than it will degrade the performance of the operating system create conflicts in every programs running on the operating system. So this concept is called Multiscanning If the functionality of the few software programs can be hampered by the active antivirus software on the operating system. [5] Effectiveness: The effectiveness of antivirus programs have been decreased in the previews year because of new good Antivirus software launch on the markets computer threat going dropped from 40-50% to 20-30% in this preview year. [5] Rootkits: Rootkits are major challenge for antivirus programs on the operating system it had admin area access to the system to control, invisible hidden the EXE from the running processes of the task manager on the computer system. [5] What is Cloud antivirus method? Cloud antivirus method is a technology that used the lightweight agent software to protect the computer system or operating system it also used for analysis the data with providers infrastructure. To implement this Cloud antivirus method we used the multiple antivirus engines which scanning suspicious files from the operating system this concept is called Cloud AV. Cloud AV was designed to send programs on the internet network where detection programs are used to improve the detection rates with multiple antivirus behavioral on the internet network. [5] Online Scanning: Some of the Antivirus provides maintain of websites with free online scanning on the internet with the entire computer such as like local disks, critical area files relative to the computer systems. Well as you know that internet becomes the vehicle for communication in this world people using digital communication on the internet with very fast speed scope so that new kinds of viruses are increasing spread all over the world of the internet network. If someone will not want to install antivirus on his or her computer than he or she can easily scan his or her computer online this is quickly possible solution. [5] What do u means by the birth rate death rate of the viruses? The Birth rate of the viruses: The birth rate of the viruses depends upon the one infected computer system or operating system which can spread this infection to other computer system or operating system. [5] The Death rate of the viruses: The death rates of the viruses depend upon the infection found on the computer system or operating system destroy that computer system. [5] Antivirus products: There many products of antivirus. Some of them are discuss below: Avast Free AntiVirus: Avast is an antivirus computer program made by AVAST Software a.s. Avast is the freeware version of the Avast company. Avast can be installed on Microsoft Windows, Macintosh Operating System X and Linux. It also has command line scanner system and different dangerous script blocker. It has many new features e.g. file system shield, Real time protection form worms and threats. Mail shield protect from dangerous mails and attachments In it. Web shield protects form malicious URL or virus containing sites. Network shield protect from attacking ports and known network worms. Boot time scan, scans the infections that are loading during windows startup and remove them. If any virus is found, antivirus displays the notification to the user, and asks for action to take. [6] AVG AntiVirus: AVG is another antivirus program made by AVG Technologies. It can be installed on multiple platforms and FreeBSD computing platforms. It also has a free version of antivirus. There are many components in avg antivirus. Anti-Spyware protects you from different spyware which are in your computers. Link Scanner scans the web links, whether they are affected or not. Web Shield protects you from viruses which come into your computer through internet. It has own firewall system to protect the system. It also has servers version to protect the web/file servers, mail servers and dns severs. [6] Avira AntiVirus: Avira is considered as the 6th largest antivirus software worldwide. And it has 100 million customers. It can be installed on Android and other operating systems. It runs as a background process which checks every file opened or downloads form the internet. It has different components in the antivirus. Email scanning which supports POP3 and SMTP protocols. Web Guard to block the access of malicious sites. It has personal firewall and anti-spam system. Backup module to protect and secure the important data. Keep an eye on different Botnets, and prevent them. It offers tools including a Rescue System utility used to write a bootable CD and DVD. Some main features of Avira windows versions are: [6] Anti-Phishing Mail Guard Game Mode AnitBot Parental Controls Bitdefender Antivirus: The Bitdefender products include antivirus and antispyware, personal firewall, privacy control, user control, backup for company and home users. PC Tuneup and Performance Optimizer. It can be used in Symbian Operating System, Windows Mobile, and Solaris. A free basic online scan is offered by the Bitdefender via the bit defender website. Bitdefender introduces the new technology B-HAVE. Through which it can detect the unknown threats.[6] ESET NOD32 Antivirus: ESET first ever product was NOD, an antivirus program for computers running MS-DOS. Then after some time period it introduces the NOD32 for Windows XP. In September 2010 ESET released NOD32 antivirus for Macintosh OS. It also supports BSD, Linux, Novell NetWare and Sun Solaris. ESET NOD32 includes an enhanced media control that automatically scans all USB, CD/DVD and external hard drives. [6] F-Secure Antivirus: F-secure is first antivirus to establish an existence on the World Wide Web. F-secure first introduced the anti-rootkit technology. It can be installed on Mobile security; it has also the facility of online Backup and anti-theft for Mobile. Also available for Linux, servers, Policy Manager, protect the message security gateway. F-secure developed the new technology through which new or unknown malware, which causes the changes in windows files and windows registry. F-secure teach the one semester course in university about new viruses and other technology. F-secure antivirus can also detect the backdoor.exe virus. F-secure also helping the authorities to catch the mafia or terrorist organization through their antivirus. [6] K7 Antivirus: K7 is the first antivirus to build their own NST (Nano Secure Technology), has ability to protect the system at multiple layers. Which can detect and remove the existing threats and as well as future threats. It provides support browsing against attacks by the attackers, to steal the passwords or even your money. It also produces the various applications and antivirus for DOS. The basic feature are firewall, Anti-spam, Anti-Spyware tools, K7 mail security, security tools to detect the key loggers, Tracking Cookie detection, usb scanning, safe cloud base scanning.[6] Kaspersky Antivirus: Kaspersky product designed to protect the users from malicious malware and other threats. It runs on different platforms and Linux version available only for business users. Its features include real-time protection, removal and detection of viruses, Trojans, worms, spyware, key loggers, backdoors, sql injection and many others. It also has the online helping facility to help and guide the user about their new products. Rescue disk facility is also available in Kaspersky. This scans the computer at boot time. The features which are not implemented in the antivirus program are personal firewall, AntiSpam and parental controls. Kaspersky uses the highly graphics to display the interface, so their system requirements are high. At early stages of Kaspersky, it has very crucial flaws in it, through which attackers can attack and run the piece of code to compromise the users pc. [6] McAfee Antivirus: McAfee Antivirus is very powerful antivirus it is light weight. This Antivirus is the leading antivirus software in the security industry markets. This Antivirus have two features one is ScriptStopper second is WormStopper it automatically updater it virus definitions updates on the regular basis from internet network. [7] Panda Antivirus: Panda Antivirus have Ultrafast new feature scanning engine as compared to other antivirus applications. This Antivirus have the Anti-Phishing filter Anti-Banking Trojans engines in the Identity protection area it have advanced heuristic scanning with personal firewall. [7] ZoneAlarm Antivirus: ZoneAlarm Antivirus have very strong removal ability to destroy the dangerous viruses also having multilayered security. This Antivirus used less processer power of performance it used very low computer system resources. [7] TrendMicro Antivirus: TrendMicro Antivirus is very popular antivirus, which mostly used for Spyware protection Adware protection from viruses. This Antivirus has some new features like Remote file locking sharing registry files. [7] Sophos Antivirus: Sophos Antivirus includes the network access control, Anti-spyware etc this types of Antivirus are used for watching on the data supplying through monitoring tracking software means like upload videos. [7] Rising Antivirus: Rising Antivirus is the Chinese Antivirus software it is used for UTM, spam-blocking firewall etc. This Antivirus basic function is BIOS rootkit checks. [7] Vba32 Antivirus: Vba32 Antivirus programs are used in the personal systems it neutralizes viruses which infected or attack the computer systems on the real time. Linux Shield: Linux Shield is the Antivirus product used in the Linux operating systems to clean the viruses from Linux operating system. [7] Technology Highlights: There are many technology highlights such as : First Generation (Antivirus): The first generation of Antivirus software are based on the signature detection polymorphic engines. [8] Second Generation (Antimalware): In the preview few years, new types of malware software are emerge file-less network worm etc are on the spotlight of the massive damage viruses are on the internet network. These problems can be solving by personal firewalls clear the signatures packet from viruses used smart clean Browser which will not infect the operating system with the spyware Trojans viruses. [8] Third Generation (Proactive Technology): TruPrevent: This behavioral technology is used for research development of the technologies. It has two main function technologies: Behavioral of analysis blocking known computer system. [8] (i). Behavioral Analysis: This Act as last line of defenses against new viruses which executing in the computer system it give real time results used behavioral category alone. [8] (ii). Behavioral Blocking: This is the Second main component of the TruPrevent. It knew hacker viruses behavioral to attack system application by injecting with program codes into the computer system. [8] Genetic Heuristic Engine: These technologies are inspired by the biology work as an organisms which individually identified by the other organisms. It based on the digital genes. This carries out new viruses harm things which going to infect or damage the computer system or operating system. [9] Collective Intelligence (The Next Generation): Collective Intelligence used the approach which collect the objective of this technology in which after clean the computer system or operating system it automatically generated full report cleaning viruses report it much faster lightweight in the future. It protected your computer system 95% up to 98% it also give your infecting computer system percentage according to the report. It is also collect the data from the communities which can tell us about the behavioral patterns of the any programs files. It also have the information about higher visibility threats against viruses or active on the internet network it can be automatically do data processing on the computer system analyzes thousands of new samples which received every day from internet network it will not expired the data which infect by the new malware viruses. It automatically saved the data files from new old malware it also release the knowledge extracted from delivering to user on the web services updates i t. In this platform we can do collective intelligence technology or platform for online services designed to perform of the machines against malware viruses solve the security solution. It also gives corporate requirements information performance of the malware thats why we created a specific managed service called Malware Radar. [10] Proof Point Virus Protection key capabilities: Viruses Protection key depend up on the efficient message analysis, Continuous business enterprise virus-detection updates, Integrated Administration reporting flexible policy management message disposition. Viruses protection key have the enterprise antivirus engine which gives good efficiently of the scanning messages attachments for new malicious codes which give fully proof point platform find new viruses definition which created the cloud-based Dynamic system which secure channel guarantees with proof point protection is already up to date than it will gives business enterprise with maximum detection against all viruses for IT administrators gives very importance to all antivirus enterprise of the proof point of the protection. It also used dynamic update service make for organizations. In this proof points virus protection are also used an integrated administration reporting in the enterprise protection suite with complete control on it. In the virus protection it used u nified interface on the enterprise antivirus technology which allows business configure with all aspects of the viruses protection. Virus protection includes virus filtering activity which detect cleaning processes. Proof point virus protections also have the flexible policy management message disposition which defines enforce virus-related security policies of any company organization. Virus protection has viruss analysis with message in which it can be quarantine for administrative rights. Proof point virus protection is also used for targeted Attack protection with new approach big data analysis techniques. Cloud-based solution is used to clean your email attacks full lifecycle approach. It can use proof point anomalytics techniques for email threats identified on the real time which includes message properties. It is protect URL with click time defense service which ensures the dynamically rewritten to the suspicious URL based on the analysis of proof point Anomalytics, pr oof point malware analysis service it respond on the threat insight service which performances security professionals on the real time for specific threats on the web-based dashboard. [11] System Shield from Viruses: System shield approach is used to ensure real time threat protection advanced seek destroy methods. It increases computer system performance reliability create seals off intelligently from future threat viruses programs. System shield active boots your defense technology which are virtually invisible when the virus comes into the system than it will protect it uses less memory for protection used few CPU resources to recover it from viruses antispyware software. Some user turn off security programs when the playing games for high-performance revolution on the game thats why system shield are used on the system to run in the background while antivirus security programs is turn off. System shield are used overloaded layers for security protection. [12] System shield do multiple detection techniques for maximum protection flexible architecture that allows for faster processes against on malware software. To avoid computer viruses recent threats do not open email attachments avoid the download files from unknown website. [12] Antivirus software is the important tool for protection of the computer system from viruses worms. This antivirus technology gives benefits to users for clean computer system from viruses. Many of viruses spread to the computer system or operating system through internet network now-a-days 50,000 viruses are online on the internet network which infects 20,000 computer system or operating system on daily based. These viruses infect user personal information private files in the computer system. One of the main problems of the antivirus technology is that most of antivirus software or programs slow down computer system processes memory or corrupt the operating system. This antivirus technology used computer support representation (CSR) in the IT security. Some antivirus technologies have scan engine for carrier-grade protection some organization need best of the best antivirus technology to clean from viruses, spyware other malware software. Some antivirus technologies have dual p rotection used server space leading antivirus competitor. [14] The last generation antivirus software has lineup detection for file-reputation analysis which used for incorporate cloud-security increases the safety. This antivirus used side by side computer security. Advanced Antivirus technologies are used for developed proactive protection of the viruses annoying security clean with the web-link scanners. All security software used scope of the protection in which solution multi-layered protection has traditional protection. Antivirus software has effectiveness on the computer system operating system. Some Antivirus software very complex stuff to understand it. All antivirus software features will have security solution which boots the usability, security, maintains performance. Security software must be upgrade to detect latest viruses. Now-a-days antivirus technologies are used in the cell phones, emails, live chatting other resources. It also gives online offline services support easy to use in the real life all these modern technol ogies. [15]

Cleopatra the Great - VII Essay --

The Great Man Theory was extremely prominent in the 19th century, originating from historian Thomas Carlyle, who stated that â€Å"The history of the world is but the biography of great men.† This mirrors his belief that heros shape history through their personal attributes and divine inspiration. According to this Great Man theory, history is written around the ‘Great Men’ or heroes who, due to their exceptional characteristics of charisma, intelligence, and wisdom utilize their power status to embark on a decisive historic imprint. This theory specifies on these heros’ historical events, being compared to their individual orders and decisions as rulers. In order to fit this title, individuals must use their power of leadership to protect and lead their country, seize given opportunities, possess machiavellianism characteristics, and be influential and captivated by their people. Cleopatra VII, an Egyptian Queen, had exquisite leadership skills which are a rgued to be better than any man’s, and she was honored and influenced by not only her people, but the world, through the hardships of war, famine, and the expansion of the Roman Empire. Her ideas, guiding principles, and public values influenced why she made the decisions she did. Thus, Cleopatra is the epitome of a ‘Great Man’, according to the criteria of the Great Man Theory. Cleopatra is a substantial leader because she was one of the first influential female leaders throughout her time on the throne, obtaining more power than any other female leader could achieve. Her leaderships were much different from other leaders which made her shine. Almost every Egyptian queen was named Cleopatra, however, the most famous of which was Cleopatra VII. She was born in Alexandria in 69 BCE... ...event makes her a ‘Great Man’ because she turned Egypt from a famished state, into a strong nation once again. She was able to use her intelligence to make allies to save her nation, and this is a very erioc stunt. She knew she was exiled from the throne, yet she went to a place where she was still considered of high authorities, and was able to organize an army to wage civil war on her brother. This is a remarkable event which allowed her to be remembered; she saved Egypt's’ state. This shows how she always acted to further her vision of a strong nation, equal in respect and stature to Rome. Lastly, it shows her determination to reign the throne, and became a mature leader in making Egypt great again. Thus, Cleopatra is applicable to the Great Man Theory. Cleopatra fits every little aspect of a ‘Great Man’. according to the criteria of the Great Man Theory.

Alcohol and Energy Drinks

In recent years, researchers have begun to focus attention on an emerging trend of consuming energy drink mixed with alcohol AmED. Consumption of AmED is thought to have a correlation with high-risk behavior and negative effects on the consumer. Several research articles have examined the various facets of this practice. Some of the points of consideration that have been researched include the motivations behind consuming AmED, the effects of consuming AmED on alcohol consumption and the likelihood of engaging in risk taking behaviors after consuming AmED compared to alcohol alone.This literature review will examine the following four articles in an attempt to explore this area of research. Energy drinks are beverages that boast the ability to provide the consumer with an increase in energy. Energy drinks frequently contain large amounts of caffeine. The upper daily recommended limits for an adult in regards to caffeine is XXX. Levels of caffeine can be up to 300mg per serving. A 6oz coffee contains 100mg. The caffeine from energy drinks is known to have a stimulating effect on the nervous system. Many brands of energy drinks contain additional chemicals including plant-based stimulants (guarana and yerba mate).The effect of these on the body is not well understood as there has been little research. Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose are also found in some energy drinks. Other potential ingredients include glucronolacteone (a naturally occurring metabolite), amino acids (taurine, carnitine and creatine), herbs (Ginko Biloba and ginseng) and vitamins. In a research paper by Peacock and Bruno (2012a), patterns of use and motivations behind the consumption of AmED were examined. The focus of this investigation was to examine the motivation of participants to consume AmED through self-reporting techniques in the form of an online questionnaire.The sample of 400 participants aged 18-35 years who had reportedly consumed AmED in the past 6 months. The results of the study indicated that 75% of participants used AmED for energetic purposes, 50% reporting use to extend their stay at a public venue, 60% claimed they were motivated by situational circumstances, such as mixed drinks containing ED, 40% reported sharing AmED with a companion, 20% used AmED to mask the flavor of alcohol, 50% of the sample reported using AmED to have more fun and only 33% reported consumingAmED to get more drunk Peacock al et (2012a). In addition to taste and situational reasons, the participants in this study appeared to be motivated by functional and hedonistic outcomes. Only a small number of participants being motivated by the desire to increase the level of drunkenness or experience similar effects to elicit drugs. A study conducted by O’Brian, McCoy, Rohdes, Wagoner and Wolfson (2008), where by responses from 4,271were recorded via a web based survey.Participants who consumed AmED in the past 30 days reported consuming significantly more alcohol in a typical drinking session as well as reporting more drinking sessions than those who did not consume AmED O’Brian et al. (2008). AmEd consumers also reported episodes of weekly drunkenness and among the sample who reported consuming AmED a single drinking session consumed 36% more than students who didn’t not report consumption of AmEd.The results of Peacock et al.  (2012b) indicate that although risk taking behaviors occurred during sessions of consumption of both alcohol and risk taking behavior that occurred with AmED was statistically less than the risk taking behaviors that occurred in alcohol alone sessions. However consumption of AmEd did result in higher negative physiological and psychological outcomes than those reported from consuming alcohol. Verster, Aufricht and Alford (2012), conducted a review of articles of articles relating to the consumption of AmED.It was revealed through a critique of multiple correlational studies that there are currently insuff icient properly controlled studies to draw any firm conclusions regarding the effects of AmED. Conclusions reached in their report were that only a minority of the student population occasionally consumes AmED Vester (2012). Research also suggested some evidence that AmED may result in an increase in some aspects of alcohol- induced performance impairment.There is no consistent evidence that alcohol alters perceived levels of intoxication, no evidence that consumption of ED causes an increase in alcohol consumption, no direct evidence exists to suggest that ED is linked to drug and alcohol dependence or abuse. A personality predisposed to higher levels of risk taking behavior may be the primary reason for increasing alcohol and drug abuse and that AmED may be a component of that lifestyle. The literature available relating to AmED consumption is insufficient.Presently there is an insufficient amount of evidence to link the consumption of AmED to an increase in risk taking behavior, increase in consumption of alcohol or negative effects on health. To understand the true effects of AmED further research is required. To draw more concrete conclusions about the effect of AmED there is a need for more complex and properly controlled clinical studies need to be undertaken. Research design needs to explore relationships with a within subject design whereby the relationship between the ingestion of AmED and the consumption of alcohol is further explored and documented.